Network operators diversify service offerings and enhance network efficiency by leveraging bandwidth-variable transceivers and colorless flexible-grid reconfigurable optical add-drop multiplexers (RO.
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This paper proposes a real-time fusion algorithm of Ultra-Wideband (UWB) and Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) information based on the Error-State Kalman Filter (ESKF) algorithm, aiming to achieve high-precision train positioning throughout the entire railway, particularly in tunnel. Moreover, accurate localization paves the way for a variety of advanced key applications such as Automated Train Operation (ATO), making it a prereq npoint posi-tioning at all times. Three core improvements were integrated: 1) AVCStem module with variable convolution kernels to dynamically adapt to defects of different shapes and scales; 2) ADSPPF module using multi-scale pooling and multi-branch attention mechanisms to preserve fine-grained features across scales; 3) MSF.
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Rail transit fiber infrastructure demonstrates strong growth in 2025, driven by digital transformation and urban expansion. Operators deploy fiber broadband and advanced fiber optics to address vibration resistance and signaling reliability. A single pair of fiber cores, the technology enabling the running of 1000BASE (i. , 10 Gbit/s data rate) operations today, could comfortably scale up to 40GBASE or even 100GBASE operations in the future without requiring any change of cabling. Fiber optic cables will be laid along the railway lines and new antenna sites will be installed for future railway radio systems for the real-time transmission of large volumes of data.
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Based on the experimental results of the backscattering phenomenon with the tri-directional transmission optical communication system, we propose a method of graphic power to examine the system.
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This paper explores the development of relay protection technology in smart grids, analyzing its applications in intelligent algorithms, digital devices, and automated coordination. Finally, the application of artificial intelligence technologies in relay protection is introduced in. Relay coordination protection system design as coordination schemes must guarantee fast, selective and reliable relay operation to isolate the power system fault sections.
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